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[dygraphs.git] / mochikit_v14 / doc / rst / MochiKit / Iter.rst

.. title:: MochiKit.Iter - itertools for JavaScript; iteration made HARD, and then easy

Name
====

MochiKit.Iter - itertools for JavaScript; iteration made HARD, and
then easy


Synopsis
========

::


    theSum = sum(takewhile(
            partial(operator.gt, 10),
            imap(
                partial(operator.mul, 2),
                count()
            )
        )
    ));

    assert( theSum == (0 + 0 + 2 + 4 + 6 + 8) );


Description
===========

All of the functional programming missing from
:mochiref:`MochiKit.Base` lives here. The functionality in this module
is largely inspired by Python's iteration protocol [1]_, and the
itertools module [2]_.

MochiKit.Iter defines a standard way to iterate over anything, that
you can extend with :mochiref:`registerIterator`, or by implementing
the ``.iter()`` or ``.__iterator__()`` (in MochiKit 1.4+) protocol.
Iterators are lazy, so it can potentially be
cheaper to build a filter chain of iterators than to build lots of
intermediate arrays.  Especially when the data set is very large, but
the result is not.


Dependencies
============

- :mochiref:`MochiKit.Base`


Overview
========

Iteration for JavaScript
------------------------

The best overview right now is in my Iteration for JavaScript [3]_
blog entry.  This information will migrate here eventually.

API Reference
=============

Errors
------

:mochidef:`StopIteration`:

    The singleton :mochiref:`MochiKit.Base.NamedError` that signifies
    the end of an iterator

    *Availability*:
        Available in MochiKit 1.3.1+


Functions
---------

:mochidef:`applymap(fun, seq[, self])`:

    ``applymap(fun, seq)`` -->
    fun.apply(self, seq0), fun.apply(self, seq1), ...

    *Availability*:
        Available in MochiKit 1.3.1+


:mochidef:`chain(p, q[, ...])`:

    ``chain(p, q, ...)`` --> p0, p1, ... plast, q0, q1, ...

    *Availability*:
        Available in MochiKit 1.3.1+


:mochidef:`count(n=0)`:

    ``count(n=0)`` --> n, n + 1, n + 2, ...

    *Availability*:
        Available in MochiKit 1.3.1+


:mochidef:`cycle(p)`:

    ``cycle(p)`` --> p0, p1, ... plast, p0, p1, ...

    *Availability*:
        Available in MochiKit 1.3.1+


:mochidef:`dropwhile(pred, seq)`:

    ``dropwhile(pred, seq)`` --> seq[n], seq[n + 1], starting when
    pred(seq[n]) fails

    *Availability*:
        Available in MochiKit 1.3.1+


:mochidef:`every(iterable, func)`:

    Return ``true`` if ``func(item)`` is ``true`` for every item in
    ``iterable``.

    *Availability*:
        Available in MochiKit 1.3.1+


:mochidef:`exhaust(iterable)`:

    Exhausts an iterable without saving the results anywhere, like
    :mochiref:`list(iterable)` when you don't care what the output is.

    *Availability*:
        Available in MochiKit 1.3.1+


:mochidef:`forEach(iterable, func[, self])`:

    Call ``func`` for each item in ``iterable``, and don't save the
    results.

    *Availability*:
        Available in MochiKit 1.3.1+


:mochidef:`groupby(iterable[, keyfunc])`:

    Make an iterator that returns consecutive keys and groups from the
    iterable. The key is a function computing a key value for each
    element.  If not specified or is None, key defaults to an identity
    function and returns the element unchanged. Generally, the
    iterable needs to already be sorted on the same key function.

    The returned group is itself an iterator that shares the
    underlying iterable with :mochiref:`groupby()`. Because the source
    is shared, when the groupby object is advanced, the previous group
    is no longer visible.  So, if that data is needed later, it should
    be stored as an array::

        var groups = [];
        var uniquekeys = [];
        forEach(groupby(data, keyfunc), function (key_group) {
            groups.push(list(key_group[1]));
            uniquekeys.push(key_group[0]);
        });

    As a convenience, :mochiref:`groupby_as_array()` is provided to
    suit the above use case.

    *Availability*:
        Available in MochiKit 1.3.1+


:mochidef:`groupby_as_array(iterable[, keyfunc])`:

    Perform the same task as :mochiref:`groupby()`, except return an
    array of arrays instead of an iterator of iterators.

    *Availability*:
        Available in MochiKit 1.3.1+


:mochidef:`iextend(lst, iterable)`:

    Just like :mochiref:`list(iterable)`, except it pushes results on
    ``lst`` rather than creating a new one.

    *Availability*:
        Available in MochiKit 1.3.1+


:mochidef:`ifilter(pred, seq)`:

    ``ifilter(pred, seq)`` --> elements of seq where ``pred(elem)`` is
    ``true``

    *Availability*:
        Available in MochiKit 1.3.1+


:mochidef:`ifilterfalse(pred, seq)`:

    ``ifilterfalse(pred, seq)`` --> elements of seq where
    ``pred(elem)`` is ``false``

    *Availability*:
        Available in MochiKit 1.3.1+


:mochidef:`imap(fun, p, q[, ...])`:

    ``imap(fun, p, q, ...)`` --> fun(p0, q0, ...), fun(p1, q1, ...),
    ...

    *Availability*:
        Available in MochiKit 1.3.1+


:mochidef:`islice(seq, [start,] stop[, step])`:

    ``islice(seq, [start,] stop[, step])`` --> elements from
    seq[start:stop:step] (in Python slice syntax)

    *Availability*:
        Available in MochiKit 1.3.1+


:mochidef:`iter(iterable[, sentinel])`:

    Convert the given argument to an iterator (object implementing
    ``.next()``).

    1. If ``iterable`` is an iterator (implements ``.next()``), then
       it will be returned as-is.
    2. If ``iterable`` is an iterator factory (implements
       ``.iter()``), then the result of ``iterable.iter()`` will be
       returned.
    3. If ``iterable`` is a JavaScript 1.7 iterator factory (implements
       ``.__iterable__()``), then the result of ``iterable.__iterable__()``
       will be returned (MochiKit 1.4+). 
    4. Otherwise, the iterator factory
       :mochiref:`MochiKit.Base.AdapterRegistry` is used to find a
       match.
    5. If no factory is found, it will throw ``TypeError``

    Built-in iterator factories are present for Array-like objects,
    and objects that implement the ``iterateNext`` protocol (e.g. the
    result of Mozilla's ``document.evaluate``).

    When used directly, using an iterator should look like this::

        var it = iter(iterable);
        try {
            while (var o = it.next()) {
                // use o
            }
        } catch (e) {
            if (e != StopIteration) {
                throw e;
            }
            // pass
        }

    This is ugly, so you should use the higher order functions to work
    with iterators whenever possible.

    *Availability*:
        Available in MochiKit 1.3.1+


:mochidef:`izip(p, q[, ...])`:

    ``izip(p, q, ...)`` --> [p0, q0, ...], [p1, q1, ...], ...

    *Availability*:
        Available in MochiKit 1.3.1+


:mochidef:`list(iterable)`:

    Convert ``iterable`` to a new ``Array``

    *Availability*:
        Available in MochiKit 1.3.1+


:mochidef:`next(iterator)`:

    Return ``iterator.next()``

    *Availability*:
        Available in MochiKit 1.3.1+


:mochidef:`range([start,] stop[, step])`:

    Return an iterator containing an arithmetic progression of integers.

    ``range(i, j)`` returns :mochiref:`iter([i, i + 1, i + 2, ..., j -
    1])`

    ``start`` (!) defaults to ``0``. When ``step`` is given, it
    specifies the increment (or decrement). The end point is omitted!

    For example, ``range(4)`` returns :mochiref:`iter([0, 1, 2, 3])`.
    This iterates over exactly the valid indexes for an array of 4
    elements.

    *Availability*:
        Available in MochiKit 1.3.1+


:mochidef:`reduce(fn, iterable[, initial])`:

    Apply ``fn(a, b)`` cumulatively to the items of an iterable from
    left to right, so as to reduce the iterable to a single value.

    For example::

        reduce(function (a, b) { return x + y; }, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

    calculates::

        ((((1 + 2) + 3) + 4) + 5).

    If initial is given, it is placed before the items of the sequence
    in the calculation, and serves as a default when the sequence is
    empty.

    Note that the above example could be written more clearly as::

        reduce(operator.add, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

    Or even simpler::

        sum([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

    *Availability*:
        Available in MochiKit 1.3.1+


:mochidef:`registerIteratorFactory(name, check, iterfactory[, override])`:

    Register an iterator factory for use with the iter function.

    ``check`` is a ``function(a)`` that returns ``true`` if ``a`` can
    be converted into an iterator with ``iterfactory``.

    ``iterfactory`` is a ``function(a)`` that returns an object with a
    ``.next()`` method that returns the next value in the sequence.

    ``iterfactory`` is guaranteed to only be called if ``check(a)``
    returns a true value.

    If ``override`` is ``true``, then it will be made the
    highest precedence iterator factory. Otherwise, the lowest.

    *Availability*:
        Available in MochiKit 1.3.1+


:mochidef:`repeat(elem[, n])`:

    ``repeat(elem, [,n])`` --> elem, elem, elem, ... endlessly or up
    to n times

    *Availability*:
        Available in MochiKit 1.3.1+


:mochidef:`reversed(iterable)`:

    Return a reversed array from iterable.

    *Availability*:
        Available in MochiKit 1.3.1+


:mochidef:`some(iterable, func)`:

    Return ``true`` if ``func(item)`` is ``true`` for at least one
    item in ``iterable``.

    *Availability*:
        Available in MochiKit 1.3.1+


:mochidef:`sorted(iterable[, cmp])`:

    Return a sorted array from iterable.

    *Availability*:
        Available in MochiKit 1.3.1+


:mochidef:`sum(iterable, start=0)`:

    Returns the sum of a sequence of numbers plus the value of
    parameter ``start`` (with a default of 0). When the sequence is
    empty, returns start.

    Equivalent to::

        reduce(operator.add, iterable, start);

    *Availability*:
        Available in MochiKit 1.3.1+


:mochidef:`takewhile(pred, seq)`:

    ``takewhile(pred, seq)`` --> seq[0], seq[1], ... until
    pred(seq[n]) fails

    *Availability*:
        Available in MochiKit 1.3.1+


:mochidef:`tee(iterable, n=2)`:

    ``tee(it, n=2)`` --> [it1, it2, it3, ... itn] splits one iterator
    into n

    *Availability*:
        Available in MochiKit 1.3.1+


See Also
========

.. [1] The iteration protocol is described in
       PEP 234 - Iterators: http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0234.html
.. [2] Python's itertools
       module: http://docs.python.org/lib/module-itertools.html
.. [3] Iteration in JavaScript: http://bob.pythonmac.org/archives/2005/07/06/iteration-in-javascript/


Authors
=======

- Bob Ippolito <bob@redivi.com>


Copyright
=========

Copyright 2005 Bob Ippolito <bob@redivi.com>. This program is
dual-licensed free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the terms of the `MIT License`_ or the `Academic Free License
v2.1`_.

.. _`MIT License`: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
.. _`Academic Free License v2.1`: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/afl-2.1.php